Price Methodology
Unit 706, 7/F., South Seas Centre, Tower 2, 75 Mody Road, Tsimshatsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- 1Purpose and Scope
- 2Metal and Alloy Coverage
- 3Data Collection
- 4Price Assessment Procedure
- 5Data Validation and Quality Control
- 6Price Report Structure
- 7Moving Averages and Trend Calculations
- 8Regional Coverage
- 9Corrections and Revisions
- 10Editorial Independence and Conflicts of Interest
- 11Complaints and Feedback
- 12Methodology Change Log
- 13Limitations and Disclaimer
1. Purpose and Scope
This document describes the methodology used by Super Metal Price (“SMP”) to assess, report, and publish price information for specialty metals, superalloys, stainless steel, and related scrap materials.
The purpose of SMP price reporting is to provide independent, transparent, and representative market reference prices that enable buyers, traders, recyclers, alloy producers, and other specialty-metals market participants to make sound decisions.
This methodology applies to all price assessments and price reports published by SMP, including the weekly Price Reporting series, price-trend charts, moving-average calculations, and related market commentary.
1.1 Basic Principles
- Independence: SMP’s price assessments are conducted independently of any commercial interest. SMP does not trade the metals it covers, and editorial decisions are not influenced by advertising, sponsorship, or subscription revenue.
- Transparency: This methodology is published publicly. When material changes are made to the methodology, SMP notifies subscribers in advance and documents the changes in the Methodology Change Log in Section 12.
- Representativeness: Price assessments are designed to reflect the prevailing value at which a given material could actually be traded in the relevant market at the time of assessment.
- Consistency: SMP applies this methodology consistently across all price assessments. Where market conditions require a departure from standard procedures, the reasons are documented in the relevant price report.
2. Metal and Alloy Coverage
SMP currently publishes weekly price reports for the following metal groups and specific grades. Coverage is expanded periodically based on subscriber demand and market liquidity.
2.1 Base Metals
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Ni | — | Alloys, coins, batteries |
| Cu | — | Heat pipes, heat-exchange catalysts, cookware, cartridge cases, copper wire, copper sheet, electrical & electronic products, bronze statues |
| Fe | — | Automotive bodies, building frames, ships, railways, computer chassis, armored vehicles |
| Al | — | High-voltage power lines, aluminum cans, cookware, aircraft, bicycle components and frames, power cables, building facades, window frames |
| Pd | — | Automotive exhaust tuning, jewelry, dental materials, connectors, switches, relays, electrical-contact plating, electrodes, semiconductors, hydrogen-storage alloys, fusion electrodes and catalysts, dental crowns |
| Sn | — | Solder, tableware, ornaments, large heavy-duty bearings, superconducting wire, glass colorants, glass strengthening agents, LCD panels |
| Ir | — | High-temperature compound semiconductors, electrical contacts, chemical catalysts, OLED phosphors, thermocouples, fountain-pen nibs |
| Ru | — | Thick-film resistors, electrical contacts, chemical catalysts, hard disk drives, turbine-blade coatings, semiconductor devices, transistors, plating |
| Pb | — | Lead-acid batteries, X-ray radiation shielding panels, cable sheathing, chemical-equipment tank lining, fishing sinkers |
| Zn | — | Galvanized steel sheet, Zamak die-cast parts, alkaline batteries, marine sacrificial anodes |
| Ag | — | Electrical contacts (switches, relays), PCB conductive paste, RF connectors |
| Au | — | Semiconductor bonding wire, electronic-connector plating, IC package contacts |
| Pt | — | Automotive catalytic converters, petrochemical catalysts, Pt-Rh thermocouples |
| Rh | — | Automotive exhaust catalysts, Pt-Rh thermocouples, electrical-contact plating |
2.2 Special Metals
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Cr | — | Surface protection, decorative plating, stainless steel |
| Mo | — | Desulfurization processes, lubricants, pigments, spacecraft components, motors, catalysts |
| Mo (Air) | — | Desulfurization processes, lubricants, pigments, spacecraft components, motors, catalysts |
| Mo (Ox) | — | Transition-metal oxides (TMO), OLEDs, organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells, catalysts, gas sensors, smart windows |
| Nb (Vac) | — | Welding rods, pipes, superconducting magnets, steel additives, automotive bodies, oil pipelines, high-temperature superalloys, combustion equipment, implants |
| Co | — | Lithium-ion batteries, alloys |
| W | — | Hard materials, alloys and steels, filaments, welding electrodes, electrical contacts, X-ray generator targets |
| Ti | — | Bicycle frames, aircraft frames, implants, ship components, heat exchangers, heating and cooling units, submarine components |
| Ta | — | Acid-resistant equipment, molds and dies, vacuum and radar tubes, vacuum-tube electrodes, capacitors, resistors, condensers |
| Re | — | Combustion chambers, turbine blades, jet engines and exhaust nozzles, catalysts, thermocouples, electrical contacts |
| Zr (Hf) | — | Nuclear reactors, space shuttles, nuclear-fuel cladding, spacecraft combustion chambers, spacecraft wings, engines, heavy-water reactor pressure tubes, bicycle frames, filaments, artificial joints, surgical instruments |
| V | — | Tools, springs, missiles, jet engines, automotive axles, crankshafts, bicycle frames, gears, high-speed cutting tools |
| Hf | — | Nuclear-submarine control rods, gas-turbine blades, plasma-cutting electrodes, insulators, blue lasers for DVD readers, optical coatings, filaments, electrodes |
| In | — | LCD TVs, laptop LCD displays, junction transistors, semiconductors, gaskets, CPU soldering, conductive adhesives, cryogenic devices, bearings |
| Bi | — | Low-melting-point alloys (fuses, safety plugs), lead-free solder, medicinal bismuth compounds |
| Cd | — | Ni-Cd rechargeable batteries, CdTe solar cells, electroplated coatings |
| Ga | — | GaN LEDs, GaAs semiconductors, high-frequency semiconductor devices |
| Ge | — | Optical-fiber cores, infrared lenses, high-speed semiconductor devices |
| C (Graphite) | — | Lithium-ion battery anode material, electrodes (EDM, electric arc furnace), high-temperature refractories (crucibles) |
| Li | — | Lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries, aluminum-alloy additive |
| Mg | — | Lightweight alloys (automotive/aerospace parts), die-cast parts, steelmaking deoxidizer |
| Mn | — | Steel-alloy additive, Zn-MnO2 batteries, aluminum-alloy additive |
| Se | — | CdSe/CdTe photoelectric devices, glass decolorizer, semiconductor photoelectric devices |
| Si | — | Semiconductor wafers, solar cells, silicone rubber and sealants, aluminum-alloy additive |
| Te | — | CdTe solar cells, Bi-Te thermoelectric devices, steel/copper alloy additive |
2.3 Rare Earths
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Ce (Cerium) | — | Automotive exhaust catalysts, glass polishing agent |
| Dy (Dysprosium) | — | NdFeB permanent-magnet additive |
| Er (Erbium) | — | Optical-fiber amplifiers (EDFA), fiber lasers |
| Eu (Europium) | — | LED red phosphor |
| Gd (Gadolinium) | — | MRI contrast agent |
| Ho (Holmium) | — | Medical Ho:YAG lasers |
| La (Lanthanum) | — | Ni-MH battery anode alloy, automotive catalytic converters |
| Lu (Lutetium) | — | PET scanner scintillators (LSO crystal) |
| Mm (Mischmetal) | — | Lighter flints (ferrocerium) |
| Nd (Neodymium) | — | NdFeB permanent magnets |
| Pr (Praseodymium) | — | NdFeB permanent-magnet additive |
| Sm (Samarium) | — | SmCo permanent magnets |
| Tb (Terbium) | — | LED green phosphor, NdFeB magnet additive |
| Y (Yttrium) | — | YAG laser crystals, LED phosphors (YAG:Ce), YSZ ceramics |
| Yb (Ytterbium) | — | Fiber lasers |
2.4 Base Alloys
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| 70/30 Brass | UNS C26000 ASTM B36/B36M, B134, B135 | Marine Seawater condenser tubes, seawater heat-exchanger tubes, marine piping fittings |
| 90/10 Cupronickel | UNS C70600 ASTM B111, B151, B171 | Marine Seawater heat-exchanger tubes, ship condenser tubes, seawater piping |
| 80/20 Cupronickel | UNS C71000 ASTM B111, B466, B151 | Marine Seawater heat-exchanger tubes, seawater piping, desalination-plant tubes |
| 70/30 Cupronickel | UNS C71500 ASTM B111, B466, B151 | Power Power-plant condenser tubes Marine Seawater heat exchangers, seawater piping |
| Aluminum Bronze | UNS C95400 ASTM B148 | Marine Seawater valves, pump impellers, ship propellers |
| Ni-Al Bronze | UNS C63000 ASTM B150 | Marine Ship propellers, marine valves, pump impellers |
| Beryllium Copper | UNS C17200 ASTM B196, B197 | Electronics Electrical contacts, springs, non-sparking tools |
| Nickel Silver | UNS C75200 ASTM B122 | Musical-instrument parts, decorative metal parts, precision machine parts |
2.5 Ferro Alloys
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Fe-Cr (LC) | — | Ball-bearing steel, automotive-component steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, corrosion-resistant steel, gears, blower blades, cutting blades |
| Fe-Cr (HC) | — | Ball-bearing steel, automotive-component steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, corrosion-resistant steel, gears, blower blades, cutting blades |
| Fe-Mo | — | Machine tools, military equipment, refinery tubes, stainless steel, heat-resistant steel, high-speed machined parts, cold-working tools, drills, screwdrivers, drill bits |
| Fe-Nb | — | Electrolytic capacitors, chemical-equipment components, cladding, alloy additive, landing gear, engine components, electric motors, generators, magnetic separators |
| Fe-W | — | Drills, electron microscopes, IC chips, welding electrodes, metal films, wiring, circuits, jet-engine turbine blades, rocket nozzles |
| Fe-Ti | — | Alloys, stainless steel, tool steel, deoxidizer, arc-welding wire, welding electrodes |
| FeV | — | Steel additive, spanners, screwdrivers, automotive components, pipes, turbine blades, aircraft-engine components, vanadium redox flow batteries, boilers, pressure vessels, crankshafts, ball bearings |
| Fe-B | — | Automotive high-strength structural steel sheet (boron steel), high-strength heat-treatable component steel, spring steel, wear-resistant machine-component steel |
| Fe-Mn | — | Rail steel, high-strength structural steel (HSLA steel), manganese-steel wear-resistant parts, structural steel for construction |
| Fe-Si | — | Electrical steel sheet for transformers, motor-core steel, deoxidizer-treated cast-iron castings, cast-iron microstructure improvement material |
2.6 Special Alloys
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Inconel 600 | UNS N06600 ASTM B163, B166, B167, B168, B366, B516, B517, B564, B906 SAE AMS 5665, AMS 5540, AMS 5580 ASME SB166, SB564, SB168, SB906, SB167, SB163, SB516, SB517, SB751, SB775, SB829 | Aerospace Exhaust liners, turbine seals, engines, airframe components, combustion-can liners Chemical Stills, condensers, heat exchangers, condensing tubes Electronics Cathode-ray tubes |
| Inconel 601 | UNS N06601 ASTM B166, B168, B775, B829, B167, B751 ASME SB166, SB168, SB167, SB751, SB775, SB829 | Marine Propeller shafts, fasteners Chemical Process vessels, valves, heat exchangers, boiler feedwater heaters Aerospace Turbine-engine igniters, combustion-can liners, diffuser assemblies |
| Inconel 617 | UNS N06617 ASTM B166, B168, B546 SAE AMS 5887, AMS 5888, AMS 5889 ASME SB166, SB168, SB546 | Aerospace Gas turbines, exhaust ducts, combustion cans, transition liners Chemical Heat exchangers, high-temperature gas pipes, high-temperature piping |
| Inconel 625 (VM)* | UNS N06625 ASTM B166, B446, B168, B906, B443, B444, B167, B829, B517, B775, B516, B751, B704, B705, B366, B472, B564 SAE AMS 5581 | Aerospace Rocket-engine combustion-chamber tubes, compressor vanes, turbine seals, rocket thrust-chamber tubing, aero engines FGD Absorption towers, reheaters, flue-gas inlet baffles, fans, agitators, deflectors Chemical Piping, valves, reactors, heat exchangers, heat-exchanger tubes Marine Submarine communication cables, submarines, exhaust ducts, bellows for subsea control equipment |
| Inconel 625 (AM)* | UNS N06625 ASTM B166, B446, B168, B906, B443, B444, B167, B829, B517, B775, B516, B751, B704, B705, B366, B472, B564 SAE AMS 5581 | Aerospace Rocket-engine combustion-chamber tubes, compressor vanes, turbine seals, rocket thrust-chamber tubing, aero engines FGD Absorption towers, reheaters, flue-gas inlet baffles, fans, agitators, deflectors Chemical Piping, valves, reactors, heat exchangers, heat-exchanger tubes Marine Submarine communication cables, submarines, exhaust ducts, bellows for subsea control equipment |
| Inconel 690 | UNS N06690 ASTM B166, B564, B168, B163, B167, B829 ASME SB166, SB564, SB168, SB163, SB829 | Chemical Steam-generator tubes, pipes, baffles, heat exchangers, steam generators Petrochemical Furnaces, reheaters, incinerators, burners, ducts Nuclear Power Steam generators, reactor core components |
| Inconel 713LC | UNS N07713 | Aerospace Turbine rotor blades, turbine guides, turbine vanes, exhaust systems Power Combustor cans, transition ducts, reactor components Automotive Turbocharger rotors Oil & Gas Drilling and wellhead equipment Chemical Reactors, heat exchangers Marine Propellers and shafts |
| Inconel 718 (VM)* | UNS N07718 ASTM B637, B670, B906, B983, F2281 SAE AMS 5662, AMS 5663, AMS 5664, AMS 5832, AMS 5914, AMS 5962, AMS 5596, AMS 5597, AMS 5589, AMS 5590 ASME SB637, SB670 | Aerospace Gas-turbine components, jet engines, liquid-fuel rocket motors, bolts, fasteners, shafts, blades, cases, nozzles, seals, spacers Chemical Pumps, cryogenic storage tanks, heat exchangers, reaction vessels Automotive Turbocharger rotors, exhaust manifolds, valves Oil & Gas Downhole tools, valves, wellhead components, well lines, instrumentation |
| Inconel 718 (AM)* | UNS N07718 ASTM B637, B670, B906, B983, F2281 SAE AMS 5662, AMS 5663, AMS 5664, AMS 5832, AMS 5914, AMS 5962, AMS 5596, AMS 5597, AMS 5589, AMS 5590 ASME SB637, SB670 | Aerospace Gas-turbine components, jet engines, liquid-fuel rocket motors, bolts, fasteners, shafts, blades, cases, nozzles, seals, spacers Chemical Pumps, cryogenic storage tanks, heat exchangers, reaction vessels Automotive Turbocharger rotors, exhaust manifolds, valves Oil & Gas Downhole tools, valves, wellhead components, well lines, instrumentation |
| Inconel 718+ | UNS N07818 | Aerospace Fasteners, blades, aircraft-engine disks, gas-turbine engine components, turbine casings, combustors |
| Inconel 722 | UNS N07722 ASTM B637, B670 ASME SB564 | Aerospace Airframes, cases, flanges, turbine blades Oil & Gas Drills, downhole tools Chemical Reactors, heat exchangers, piping |
| Inconel 738LC | UNS N07738 ASTM A494 SAE AMS 5390, AMS 5391 | Aerospace Compressors, turbine and exhaust-system rings, casings, combustors, turbine blades, high-temperature fasteners Petrochemical Reactors, heat exchangers, reaction vessels, piping |
| Inconel X-750 | UNS N07750 ASTM B637 SAE AMS 5667-5671, AMS 5747, AMS 5542, AMS 5598, AMS 5699 ASME SB637 | Aerospace High-temperature springs, bolts, gas-turbine blades, rocket engines, high-pressure vessels, gas turbines, rotor blades, rotor wheels |
| Inconel 783 | UNS R30783 | Aerospace Turbine seals, turbine cases, turbine rings, compressors, combustors, turbine blades, afterburner components Chemical Heat exchangers, reactor vessels, piping Automotive Turbine wheels, turbocharger housings |
| Inconel 792 | UNS N07792 | Aerospace Gas-turbine components, combustion chambers, exhaust systems, turbine blades, heat-resistant pipes, jet nozzles Petrochemical Chemical-processing plants, refineries, offshore platforms Power Turbine blades, heat exchangers, boiler components Automotive Exhaust systems, turbocharger components |
| Incoloy 939 | UNS N06939 SAE AMS 5389, AMS 5939 | Aerospace Jet-engine fan blades, gas-turbine blades, exhaust-system components Oil & Gas Downhole tools, valves, pump impellers |
| Incoloy 800 | UNS N08800 ASTM B163, B407, B154, B515, B409, A240, A480, B408, B564 ASME SB163, SB407, SB515, SB751, SA240, SA480, SB408 | Power Heat exchangers, superheaters, steam generators, reactor components, thermocouple protection tubes Chemical Pipe elbows, pollution-control equipment, fossil-fuel transport pipes, pickling equipment |
| Incoloy 825 | UNS N08825 ASTM B425, B564, B424, B906, B163, B423, B704, B705, B751, B775, B829 ASME SB425, SB564, SB424, SB906, SB423, SB163, SB704, SB705, SB751, SB775, SB829 | Chemical Sulfuric-acid piping, tank vessels, phosphoric-acid evaporators, pickling tanks Oil & Gas Oil and gas production facilities, pipes for the oil and gas industry |
| Incoloy 925 | UNS N09925 ASTM B805, B637, B872, B983 | Oil & Gas Fasteners, flange shafts, high-pressure valves, piping Marine Marine fasteners, pump shafts |
| Incoloy 901 | UNS N09901 SAE AMS 5660 | Aerospace Engine blades, exhaust ducts, turbine-engine disks, shafts Automotive Turbocharger housings Medical Implants |
| Incoloy 907/909 | UNS N19907 (907), N19909 (909) ASTM B408 (907) | Aerospace Gas turbines, turbine disks, turbine blades, combustion-chamber casings, steam-turbine bolts Marine Drilling equipment, seawater desalination plants, submarine hulls Power Turbine blades, boiler tubes, heat exchangers Chemical Reactors, heat exchangers, piping |
| Hastelloy B(2) | UNS N10665 ASTM B333, B335, B622, B619, B626, B564 | Oil & Gas Chemical reactors, degassing equipment, fasteners, flange shafts, high-pressure valves, piping Marine Freshwater tanks, marine fasteners, pump shafts |
| Hastelloy C4 | UNS N06455 ASTM B575, B574, B617, B622 | Environmental Flue-gas desulfurization plants, piping, absorbers, blowers, agitators, heat exchangers Chemical Heat exchangers, piping, measurement probes, centrifuges Power Piping, heat exchangers, gate valves, nuclear-fuel processors, reactor components, fuel-gas filters |
| Hastelloy C22 | UNS N06022 ASTM B619, B622, B626, B575, B574, B462, B564 ASME SB619, SB622, SB575, SB906, SB574 | Chemical Chemical reactors, heat exchangers Pharmaceutical Tanks, pipes, valves Petrochemical Petrochemical plants Gas Gas-desulfurization systems Medical Implants, surgical instruments, dental instruments |
| Hastelloy C276* | UNS N10276 ASTM B462, B574, B564, B575, B906, B622, B829, B626, B751, B619, B775 ASME SB574, SB564, SB575, SB906, SB622, SB829, SB626, SB751, SB619, SB775 | Aerospace Aircraft exhaust systems, turbine-engine components Chemical Reactors, heat exchangers, piping Oil & Gas Refining equipment Power Desulfurization equipment, turbine exhaust systems |
| Hastelloy G3 | UNS N06985 ASTM B581, B582, B619, B622, B626 ASME SB582, B619, B622, B626 | Oil & Gas Oil-well pipes, evaporators Nuclear Nuclear-fuel tanks, nuclear-fuel reprocessing equipment, pickling equipment |
| Hastelloy G30 | UNS N06030 ASTM B582, B472, B622, B462 ASME SB582, SB581, SB622, SB366, SB462 | Gas & Oil Oil-well pipes, evaporators Nuclear Nuclear-fuel tanks, nuclear-fuel reprocessing equipment, pickling equipment |
| Hastelloy S | UNS N06635 ASTM B619, B622 | Chemical Heat exchangers, reactors, piping, condensers Aerospace Jet-engine exhaust pipes, turbine blades, vanes Marine Seawater desalination plants Power Gas turbines, boilers |
| Hastelloy X | UNS N06002 ASTM B572, B435, B622, B626 ASME SB572, SB435, SB622, SB626, SB619 | Aerospace Combustor cans, transition ducts, afterburner components, rocket-engine components Petrochemical Furnace baffles |
| Haynes 214 | UNS N07214 ASTM B435, B581, B582 SAE AMS 5542, 5861, 5732 | Aerospace Exhaust systems, afterburners, rocket-motor cases Chemical Reactors, piping systems, heat exchangers Power Steam-turbine components, boiler tubes |
| Haynes 230 | UNS N06230 ASTM B572, B619, B622, B626, B564 AMS AMS 5878, AMS 5891 ASME SB572, SB622, SB619, SB626, SB564 | Aerospace Fuel cans, transition ducts, flame holders, thermocouple covers Chemical Thermocouple protection tubes, heat exchangers, ducts, high-temperature bellows |
| Haynes 242 | UNS N10242 ASTM B434, B573, B572, B622, B619, B626, B564 ASME SB434, SB573, SB622, SB619, SB626, SB564 | Aerospace Seals, duct segments, casings, fasteners, rocket nozzles, pumps |
| Hy-Mu 80 | UNS N14080 ASTM A753, A596 | Electronics Magnetic sensors, current sensors |
| Nimonic 100 | UNS N13100 | Aerospace Turbine blades, disks, rings, shafts, fasteners Chemical & Petrochemical Chemical reactors, petroleum-refining equipment, chemical sensors Nuclear Fuel tubes |
| Nimonic 105 | UNS N13021 | Aerospace Turbine blades, disks, rings, shafts, fasteners Chemical & Petrochemical Chemical reactors, petroleum-refining equipment, chemical sensors Nuclear Fuel tubes |
| Nimonic 115 | UNS N07115 | Aerospace Turbine blades, exhaust nozzles, jet engines, turbochargers Petrochemical Pumps, valves Power Steam-turbine rotors, heat exchangers, gas turbines |
| Nimonic 75 | UNS N06075 | Aerospace Turbine blades, aerospace fasteners Chemical Heat exchangers, reactors Automotive Exhaust valves, turbochargers Petrochemical Valves, fittings |
| Nimonic 80A | UNS N07080 ASTM B637 | Aerospace Turbine blades, disks, rings, aerospace bolts Marine Exhaust pipes Automotive Exhaust valves Nuclear Boiler-tube supports |
| Nimonic 90 | UNS N07090 SAE AMS 5829 | Aerospace Turbine blades, disks, rings Nuclear Fuel tubes Petrochemical Chemical reactors, petroleum-refining equipment, chemical sensors |
| Nimonic C263 | UNS N07263 SAE AMS 5872, AMS 5886 | Aerospace Turbine blades, exhaust nozzles, jet engines, turbochargers Petrochemical Pumps, valves Power Steam-turbine rotors, heat exchangers, gas turbines |
| PWA 1426 | — | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine-engine fans, airfoils |
| PWA 1480 | — | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine-engine fans, airfoils |
| PWA 1484 | — | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine-engine fans, airfoils |
| PWA 1487 | — | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine-engine fans, airfoils |
| Rene 41 | UNS N07041 SAE AMS 5545, AMS 5712, AMS 5713, AMS 5800 | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine wheels, combustion-chamber liners, springs, fasteners, turbine casings |
| Rene 77 | UNS N07777 | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine wheels, combustion-chamber liners, springs, fasteners, turbine casings |
| Rene 80 | — | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine wheels, combustion-chamber liners, springs, fasteners, turbine casings |
| Rene 125 | UNS N12125 | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine wheels, combustion-chamber liners, springs, fasteners, turbine casings |
| Rene 142 | UNS N07042 | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine wheels, combustion-chamber liners, springs, fasteners, turbine casings |
| Rene 220 | UNS N07220 | Aerospace Turbine blades, turbine wheels, combustion-chamber liners, springs, fasteners, turbine casings |
| Rene N4 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, airfoils |
| Rene N5 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, airfoils |
| Rene N6 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, airfoils |
| Udimet 500 | UNS N07500 ASTM B637 SAE AMS 5751, AMS 5753, AMS 5384 | Aerospace Aircraft blades, gas-turbine blades, combustion-chamber liners Chemical Pressure vessels, heat exchangers |
| Udimet 520 | ASTM B637 | Aerospace Aircraft blades, gas-turbine blades, turbine wheels, combustion-chamber liners Chemical Pressure vessels, heat exchangers |
| Udimet 700 | UNS N07700 SAE AMS 5662, AMS 5663 | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, combustion-chamber liners Chemical Heat exchangers, pressure vessels |
| Udimet 710 | ASTM B637 | Aerospace Aircraft, gas turbines, turbine blades Chemical Heat exchangers |
| Waspaloy | UNS N07001 ASTM B637 SAE AMS 5544, AMS 5704, AMS 5706-5708, AMS 5828 | Aerospace Aircraft engines, heat-exchanger components, gas turbines, aircraft wings, combustion tubes, turbine disks, rotor disks, shafts, spacers, seals, rings, cases |
| Monel 400* | UNS N04400 ASTM B164, B564, B127, B165, B725, B163, B730, B751, B829, B775 SAE AMS 4730, AMS 4731, AMS 4544, AMS 4574 ASME SB164, SB564, SB127, SB163, SB165, SB725, SB730, SB751, SB775, SB829 | Marine Feedwater and steam-generator tubes, brine heaters, seawater scrubbers, seawater valves, pump shafts, fishing wire, freshwater tanks Refining Crude-oil transfer pipes Chemical Heat exchangers, boiler feeders |
| Monel K-500 | UNS N05500 ASTM B865 SAE AMS 4676 | Marine Fasteners, springs Chemical Pumps, valve components |
| Maraging 250 | UNS K92890 SAE AMS 6512, AMS 6520, AMS 6501 | Aerospace Missiles, rocket-motor cases, aircraft landing gear, pressure vessels, fasteners, shafts |
| Maraging 350 | UNS K93160 SAE AMS 6512, AMS 6514, AMS 6515 | Aerospace Missiles, rocket-motor cases, aircraft landing gear, pressure vessels, fasteners, shafts |
| Mar-M247 | — | Aerospace Combustors, turbine-engine components, turbine blades, vanes, rotors, disks, turbocharger wheels, turbopump turbine nozzles, turbopump impellers |
| GTD 111 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, aircraft engines, gas-turbine nozzles, vanes, turbine buckets |
| GTD 222 | — | Aerospace Aircraft engines, turbine-engine components, gas-turbine nozzles, gas-turbine blades, vanes |
| CMSX-2 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, airfoils |
| CMSX-3 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, airfoils |
| CMSX-4 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, airfoils |
| F-75 | UNS R30075 ASTM F75 | Medical Implants (dental, orthopedic) Aerospace Aircraft, gas-turbine blades, fuel nozzles, vanes |
| FSX 414 | ASTM A567 SAE AMS 5382, AMS 5537, AMS 5759, AMS 5789 | Aerospace Gas-turbine nozzles, turbine blades, high-pressure compressor disks, turbine disks, aircraft jet engines, vanes, engine nozzles |
| FSX 430 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, vanes |
| HS 6 | UNS R30006, R30106, W73006, W73036 SAE AMS 5788, AMS 5387 | Aerospace Turbine blades, steam-turbine bearings Chemical Pumps, chemical-processing equipment accessories Petroleum Drill bits, drilling equipment, pumps Automotive Engine components, turbochargers Medical Hip-joint prostheses, dental prosthetics |
| HS 6B | UNS R30016 SAE AMS 5894 | Aerospace High-temperature bearings, fan blades, steam turbines Petroleum Needle valves, pump plungers, steam-erosion shields |
| HS 21 | UNS R30021, W73041, W73021 SAE AMS 5819, AMS 5385 | Medical Implants (orthopedic, dental), surgical equipment Aerospace Jet-engine combustion/exhaust-system components, turbine blades, vanes, molds and dies |
| HS 25 (L605) | UNS R30605 ASTM F90 SAE AMS 5759, AMS 5537, AMS 5796 | Aerospace Turbine blades, afterburner components, turbine rings Medical Implants |
| HS 31 (X40) | UNS R30031 ASTM A732 SAE AMS 5382 | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, vanes, gas turbines, turbochargers, bearings Medical Prosthetics (orthopedic, dental) |
| HS 188 | UNS R30188 SAE AMS 5608, AMS 5772, AMS 5801 | Aerospace Combustors, flame holders, liners, transition ducts |
| X-45 | ASTM A567 | Aerospace Aerojet engines, turbochargers, turbine blades, guide vanes, bearings, housings Medical Medical devices |
| ECY 768 | — | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, vanes |
2.7 Stainless
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| 13-8Mo | UNS S13800 ASTM A564, A693, A705 SAE AMS 5629, AMS 5864 ASME SA564, SA693, SA705 | Aerospace Landing gear, fittings, hydraulic assemblies, fasteners, valves Oil & Gas Packers, downhole tools, valves Chemical Pumps, valves, pressure vessels, heat exchangers Automotive Valves, fasteners, fittings, shafts Marine Shafts, desalination equipment |
| 15-5PH | UNS S15500 ASTM A564, A705 SAE AMS 5659, AMS 5862, AMS 5826 | Aerospace Engine components, structural components, landing gear Power Gas-turbine engine components, valves, shafts |
| 17-4PH | UNS S17400 ASTM A693, A564 SAE AMS 5622, AMS 5642, AMS 5643, AMS 5604 ASME SA693, SA484, SA564 | Marine Foils, shafts, impellers Aerospace Turbine blades, pressure vessels, aircraft, engine components Chemical Storage tanks, pipelines, reactors Oil & Gas Wellhead valves Medical Artificial joints, surgical instruments |
| 2205 Duplex | UNS S32205 ASTM A276, A240, A790, A928, A270, A789, A815 ASME SA276, SA479, SA240, SA790, SA789, SA815 | Marine Deep-sea subsea structures, pipelines, seawater desalination facilities Chemical Pressure vessels, high-pressure storage tanks, high-pressure pipelines Oil & Gas Oilfield piping |
| 2507 Duplex | UNS S32750 ASTM A276, A240, A790, A789, A182 ASME SA240, SA276, SA479, SA182 | Chemical Chemical-process pressure vessels, piping, heat exchangers Marine Desalination equipment, deep-sea subsea structures, pipelines Oil & Gas Oilfield piping Power Nuclear-power-plant water-treatment equipment, seawater desalination equipment |
| 304 | UNS S30400 ASTM A276, 276M, A240, A240M SAE AMS 5501, AMS 5513, AMS 5639, AMS 5560, AMS 5565-5567, AMS 5697 ASME SA182, SA194, SA213, SA240, SA249, SA312 | Medical Surgical instruments, implants Construction Exterior-wall cladding, railings, door handles Chemical Storage tanks, pipelines Automotive Exhaust components Food Cookware, cooking utensils, food-processing equipment |
| 304L | UNS S30403 ASTM A276, A182, A213, A240, A249, A269, A270, A312, A314 SAE AMS 5639, AMS 5647, AMS 5501, AMS 5511, AMS 5513, AMS 5560, AMS 5565-5567, AMS 5569, AMS 5575 | Medical Surgical instruments, implants Construction Exterior-wall cladding, railings, door handles Chemical Storage tanks, pipelines Automotive Exhaust components Food Cookware, cooking utensils, food-processing equipment |
| 309 | UNS S30900 ASTM A240, A276, A312, A479 SAE AMS 5523 ASME SA240, SA479, SA312 | Chemical Incinerators, rotary kilns, calcining furnaces, heat exchangers Petroleum Catalyst-recovery filters Power Pulverized-coal burners Aerospace Aircraft and jet-engine components Automotive Boiler baffles, automotive exhaust components |
| 309S | UNS S30908 ASTM A240, A276, A479 | Chemical Incinerators, rotary kilns, calcining furnaces, heat exchangers Petroleum Catalyst-recovery filters Power Tube hangers for petroleum-refining and steam boilers, pulverized-coal burners Aerospace Aircraft and jet-engine components Automotive Boiler baffles, automotive exhaust components |
| 310 | UNS S31000 ASTM A167, A480 SAE AMS 5521 ASME SA240 | Chemical Heat exchangers, heat-treatment equipment Petroleum Tube hangers for petroleum-refining and steam boilers, coal-gasifier internals, catalyst-recovery equipment, regenerators, catalytic converters Power Coal-gasifier internals, pulverized-coal burners |
| 310S | UNS S31008 ASTM A240, A480, A276, A479 SAE AMS 5521 ASME SA240 | Chemical Heat exchangers, heat-treatment equipment Petroleum Tube hangers for petroleum-refining and steam boilers, coal-gasifier internals, catalyst-recovery systems, regenerators, catalytic converters Power Coal-gasifier internals, pulverized-coal burners |
| 316 | UNS S31600 ASTM A240, A666 SAE AMS 5524 ASME SA240 | Chemical Heat exchangers, pressure vessels, chemical vessels, valves and pumps Marine Ship components, offshore structures Medical Surgical instruments, implants |
| 316L | UNS S31603 ASTM A240, A666 SAE AMS 5507 ASME SA240 | Chemical Heat exchangers, pressure vessels, chemical vessels, valves and pumps Marine Ship components, offshore structures Medical Surgical instruments, implants |
| 317 | UNS S31700 ASTM A276, A479, A240, A182, A580, A312, A358, A269, A249, A213 | Petrochemical Chemical and petrochemical processing equipment, valve cages, safety barriers, piping |
| 330 | UNS N08330 ASTM B511, B512, B536, B535, B546, B710, B739 SAE AMS 5716, AMS 5592, J405, J412 ASME SB511, SB512, SB535, SB536, SB710, SB739 | Petrochemical Heat exchangers, furnace components Heat Treatment Heat-treatment furnace vessels, high-temperature fans Power Boiler equipment, gas-turbine components |
| 904L | UNS S08904, N08904 ASTM A240, A213, A269, A312, B625 ASME SA240, SB625 | Chemical Piping, heat exchangers Oil & Gas Offshore process equipment Marine Condensers, piping Air Scrubbers for coal-fired power Power Desulfurization equipment, absorption towers, internals |
| Al 6XN | UNS N08367 ASTM A479, B691, A240, AB688, A312, A249, B675, B676, A182, B462 ASME SB691, SA240, SB688, SA358, SA409, SB675, SA813, SA814, SA312, SA249, SA688, SB676, SB690, SB462, SB366, SB564, SB804 | Chemical Chemical-process tanks, pipelines Marine Seawater heat exchangers, seawater desalination equipment, pumps Petroleum Offshore oil and gas production equipment Pulp Pulp-bleaching plant washers, press rolls, pipelines |
| A 286 | UNS S62286 ASTM A638 SAE AMS 5726, AMS 5731, AMS 5734-5737, AMS 5838, AMS 5895, AMS 5525, AMS 5858 | Aerospace Jet-engine components, fasteners, springs Automotive High-temperature afterburner components, tanks, piping, pumps, heat exchangers, turbochargers |
| 254SMO | UNS S31254 ASTM A276, A479, A249, A269, A312, A358, A409, A182, A473 ASME S31254, SA182, SA276, SA479, SA240, SA312 | Marine Seawater cooling units, cooling-water pipes, fire-protection systems, seawater-treatment equipment Chemical Tanks, pipelines, heat exchangers |
| Alnico 1 | — | Electronics Magnetic switches, magnetic sensors, relays, temperature and pressure controllers, magnetic separators, lifting magnets Electrical Electric motors, microphones, generators, speakers Automotive Lighters, odometers |
| Alnico 2 | — | Electronics Magnetic switches, magnetic sensors, relays, temperature and pressure controllers, magnetic separators, lifting magnets |
| Alnico 3 | — | Electronics Magnetic switches, magnetic sensors, relays, temperature and pressure controllers, magnetic separators, lifting magnets Electrical Electric motors, microphones, generators, speakers Automotive Lighters, odometers |
| Alnico 4 | — | Electronics Magnetic switches, magnetic sensors, relays, temperature and pressure controllers, magnetic separators, lifting magnets Electrical Electric motors, microphones, generators, speakers Automotive Lighters, odometers |
| Alnico 5 | — | Electronics Magnetic switches, magnetic sensors, relays, temperature and pressure controllers, magnetic separators, lifting magnets Electrical Electric motors, microphones, generators, speakers Automotive Lighters, odometers |
| Invar 36 | UNS K93600, K93603 ASTM F1684, B753, B603, B388 | Medical Thermostats, measuring equipment, laser components, MRI Electrical Power supplies Electronics Satellite and missile electronic-control frames, semiconductor lead frames, microwave materials, MLCC substrate material Chemical Storage vessels, piping, bimetals, bimetallic thermostats Optics Mirrors, lenses Nuclear Weapons Fuel cladding, control-rod drive mechanisms |
| Invar 42 | UNS K94100 ASTM F30, F1684, A162, B127, B582, B575, B168, B443, B463, B626, B536, F29 | Electronics Electron tubes, transformer and capacitor bushings, semiconductor lead frames, CRT electron guns, microelectronics, thermostat rods, electronic covering, HVT lines Aerospace Tooling for aerospace composites Electrical Bimetallic thermostats, electrical transformers, precision condenser units |
| Kovar | UNS K94610 ASTM F15 SAE AMS 7726, AMS 7728, AMS 7727 | Electrical Igniters, magnetrons, transistors, relays, integrated circuits, cathode-ray tubes, vacuum tubes Electronics Semiconductor components, electronic-product sealing, bonding materials, high-energy emission tubes, transistor leads, IC lead frames, photographic flash valves |
| Na22H | — | Chemical Furnace components, sintering and calcining muffles, calciner components, radiant tubes, pyrolysis coils Electrical Roller hearths, furnace beam supports |
| Super Na22H | — | Chemical Furnace components, sintering and calcining muffles, calciner components, radiant tubes, pyrolysis coils Electrical Roller hearths, furnace beam supports |
| MO-RE 1 | — | Aerospace Space-reactor core heating tubes Chemical High-temperature furnace heaters, high-temperature thermocouples |
| MO-RE 2 | — | Aerospace Space-reactor core heating tubes Chemical High-temperature furnace heaters, high-temperature thermocouples |
| Nichrome (80-20) | UNS N06003 ASTM B344 SAE AMS 5676 | Electrical Resistance wire, toasters, electric kettles, heaters, ovens, irons Medical Dental prosthetics |
| Ni-Resist 1 | UNS F41000 ASTM A436, A439, A439M | Marine Pumps, valves, diesel-engine manifolds, bolts, nuts Chemical Blowers, compressors, condenser components, cryogenic equipment, furnace components, piping, pots and kettles, pump casings and impellers Electrical Mechanical seals, meter components, non-magnetic housings, pole-line hardware, pump cases, resistance grids, turbine components Petroleum Water-flood pumps, gas compressors, petroleum-fluid pumps Pulp Dryer rolls, grids, Fourdrinier castings |
| Ni-Resist 2 | UNS F41002 ASTM A436, A439, A439M | Marine Pumps, valves, diesel-engine manifolds, bolts, nuts Chemical Blowers, compressors, condenser components, cryogenic equipment, furnace components, piping, pots and kettles, pump casings and impellers Electrical Mechanical seals, meter components, non-magnetic housings, pole-line hardware, pump cases, resistance grids, turbine components Petroleum Water-flood pumps, gas compressors, petroleum-fluid pumps Pulp Dryer rolls, grids, Fourdrinier castings |
| Ni-Resist 3 | UNS F41004 ASTM A436, A439, A439M | Marine Pumps, valves, diesel-engine manifolds, bolts, nuts Chemical Blowers, compressors, condenser components, cryogenic equipment, furnace components, piping, pots and kettles, pump casings and impellers Electrical Mechanical seals, meter components, non-magnetic housings, pole-line hardware, pump cases, resistance grids, turbine components Petroleum Water-flood pumps, gas compressors, petroleum-fluid pumps Pulp Dryer rolls, grids, Fourdrinier castings |
| Ni-Resist 4 | UNS F41005 ASTM A436, A439, A439M | Marine Pumps, valves, diesel-engine manifolds, bolts, nuts Chemical Blowers, compressors, condenser components, cryogenic equipment, furnace components, piping, pots and kettles, pump casings and impellers Electrical Mechanical seals, meter components, non-magnetic housings, pole-line hardware, pump cases, resistance grids, turbine components Petroleum Water-flood pumps, gas compressors, petroleum-fluid pumps Pulp Dryer rolls, grids, Fourdrinier castings |
| Ni-Resist 5 | UNS F41006 | Marine Pumps, valves, diesel-engine manifolds, bolts, nuts Chemical Blowers, compressors, condenser components, cryogenic equipment, furnace components, piping, pots and kettles, pump casings and impellers Electrical Mechanical seals, meter components, non-magnetic housings, pole-line hardware, pump cases, resistance grids, turbine components Petroleum Water-flood pumps, gas compressors, petroleum-fluid pumps Pulp Dryer rolls, grids, Fourdrinier castings |
| Supertherm | — | Petrochemical Heat-treatment furnaces, cement kilns, furnace tubes, refinery-furnace tubes |
| N-155 | UNS R30155 SAE AMS 5769, AMS 5768, AMS 5794, AMS 5795, AMS 5532 | Aerospace Tail cones and tail pipes, exhaust manifolds, combustion chambers, afterburners, turbine blades, bolts |
| 35Ni25CrNb | ASTM A297 | Petrochemical Pyrolysis coils, reformer tubes, furnace tubes, cracking-furnace tubes |
| 45Ni35CrNb | — | Petrochemical Pyrolysis coils, reformer tubes, furnace tubes, cracking-furnace tubes |
| 50Ni50CrNb | UNS R20501 ASTM SA560 ASME SA560 | Petrochemical Petrochemical pipe supports, hangers, furnace components, superheater and reheater piping |
2.8 Titanium Alloys
| Grade | Common Name / Series | Principal Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Ti CP Gr.1 | UNS R50250 ASTM B265, B348, F67 SAE AMS 4940 ASME SB265, SB337, SB348 | Aerospace Aircraft components, rocket engines, spacecraft bodies, landing-gear components, engine casings, propellers Chemical Heat exchangers, pipelines Marine Desalination units, piping, ship components Power Condensers Medical Surgical implants, prosthetics, artificial joints, needles, eyeglass frames, suture clips |
| Ti CP Gr.2 | UNS R50400 ASTM B348, B265, F67, F1341, B381, B367 SAE AMS 4902 ASME SB265, SB348 | Medical Medical needles, dental and orthopedic instruments, eyeglass frames, suture equipment, implants (dental and orthopedic) Chemical Heat exchangers, pipelines, reactors Aerospace Aircraft components, rocket engines, spacecraft bodies, bellows, airframe structures, gaskets |
| Ti CP Gr.2H | UNS R50400 ASTM B348, B265, B338 | Marine Seawater piping, valve components Chemical Heat-exchanger tubes, chemical tanks |
| Ti CP Gr.3 | UNS R50550 ASTM B348, B265, B338, F67, F467, F468 SAE AMS 4900 ASME SB265, SB348 | Aerospace Aircraft components, rocket engines, spacecraft bodies, bellows, airframe structures, gaskets Medical Surgical instruments, implants Gas Reactors, pressure vessels, piping, heat exchangers, liners Chemical Heat exchangers, pipelines |
| Ti CP Gr.4 | UNS R50700 ASTM B348, B265, F67, F1341, B381, B367 SAE AMS 4921, AMS 4901 ASME SB265, SB348 | Medical Medical needles, dental and orthopedic instruments, eyeglass frames, suture equipment, implants (dental and orthopedic) Chemical Heat exchangers, pipelines, reactors Aerospace Aircraft components, rocket engines, spacecraft bodies, bellows, airframe structures, gaskets |
| Ti Gr.5 (6Al4V)* | UNS R56400 ASTM B265, B348, B381, B861, B862, B338 SAE AMS 4928, AMS 4920, AMS 4911, AMS 4906, AMS 4905, AMS 4954, AMS 4935, AMS 4934, AMS 4930, AMS 4967, AMS 5540 ASME SB265, SB348, SB381, SB861, SB862, SB338 | Aerospace Gas-turbine blades, disks, rings, fasteners, cases, hubs, aero-engine fans Chemical Cryogenic vessels, storage tanks |
| Ti Gr.6 | UNS R54520 ASTM B265, B348, B381 ASME SB265, SB348, SB381 | Aerospace Aircraft-engine high-temperature structural components, compressor cases, ring structural members, high-temperature forgings Marine Low-temperature-toughness structural components, welded structures |
| Ti Gr.7 (Pd) | UNS R52400 ASTM B265, B348, B381, B861, B862, B338 ASME SB265, SB348, SB381, SB861, SB862, SB338 | Chemical Heat exchangers, pipelines, cryogenic vessels, storage tanks, bolts, fasteners |
| Ti Gr.9 | UNS R56320 ASTM B348, B338 | Aerospace Aircraft hydraulic tubing |
| Ti Gr.11 (Pd) | UNS R52250 ASTM B265, B348, B381, B861, B862, B338 ASME SB265, SB348, SB381, SB861, SB862, SB338 | Chemical Heat exchangers, cryogenic vessels, ducts, pumps, valves, fittings Medical Implants Oil & Gas Pipelines |
| Ti Gr.12 (Ni) | UNS R53400 ASTM B265, B337, B338, B348, B381, B861, B862, B363 ASME SB265, SB338, SB861, SB862, SB348, SB363 | Power Nuclear power plants, evaporators Chemical Pressure vessels, pumps, valves, heat exchangers, pipes, fittings Marine Ship components, pumps, valves Aerospace Aircraft components, rocket engines, gaskets |
| Ti Gr.13 | UNS R53413 ASTM B265, B348 | Chemical Chemical tanks, heat-exchanger components, seawater piping |
| Ti Gr.14 | UNS R53414 ASTM B265, B348 | Marine Seawater piping Chemical Chemical-plant equipment, heat-exchanger components |
| Ti Gr.15 | UNS R53415 ASTM B265, B348 | Chemical Acid tanks, chemical-plant heat-exchanger tubes, corrosive-service piping |
| Ti Gr.16 (Pd) | UNS R52402 ASTM B265, B348, B367, B381 ASME SB265 | Chemical Pressure vessels, pumps, valves, heat exchangers, pipes, fittings |
| Ti Gr.17 | UNS R52252 ASTM B265, B348 ASME SB265, SB348 | Chemical Seawater heat exchangers, chloride-environment piping, reactor linings, high-corrosion-resistance long-service equipment, chemical-plant devices |
| Ti Gr.18 | UNS R56322 ASTM B338, B265 | Aerospace Aircraft hydraulic tubing, aircraft tubing |
| Ti Gr.19 (Beta-C) | UNS R58640 ASTM B348, B363, B265 SAE AMS 4981, AMS 4956, AMS 4957, AMS 4958, AMS 4976 ASME SB348, SB265 | Aerospace Springs, fasteners, aircraft landing gear Oil & Gas Oil and gas tubing Automotive Fasteners, springs |
| Ti Gr.20 | UNS R58645 | Chemical Highly corrosive reactors, acid/chloride tanks, high-corrosion-resistance piping systems, process equipment for corrosive environments, storage vessels |
| Ti Gr.21 | UNS R58210 ASTM B348, B381 | Aerospace Airframe structural frames, landing-gear components, high-load bolts and fasteners, aerospace structural forgings, high-strength connectors |
| Ti Gr.23 (ELI)* | UNS R56401 ASTM B265, B348, B381, B338, B861, B862, B863 SAE AMS 2631, AMS 4930, AMS 6932, AMS 4907, AMS 4931, AMS 4956 ASME SB265, SB348, SB381, SB338, SB861, SB862, SB863 | Medical Orthopedic pins and screws, orthopedic cables, orthotic devices, medical devices, artificial joints, implants |
| Ti Gr.24 | UNS R56405 | Aerospace Structural brackets, high-strength fastening components, landing-gear secondary structural members, high-strength lightweight frame components, test structural members |
| Ti Gr.25 | UNS R56403 | Aerospace High-strength bolts/nuts, fasteners, structural joints, high-stress machine components, frame-joining structural members |
| Ti Gr.26 | UNS R52404 | Aerospace Landing-gear structural components, high-load frames, support structural members, high-strength forged structural members, power-transmission components |
| Ti Gr.27 | UNS R52254 | Aerospace Fatigue-load structural members, airframe frame reinforcements, brackets, high-stress machine structural components, durability components |
| Ti Gr.28 | UNS R56323 | Aerospace Lightweight structural frames, internal structural reinforcements, fittings, high-strength lightweight structural components, test materials |
| Ti Gr.29 | UNS R56404 | Aerospace Aircraft structural bolts/fasteners, fastening-system components, high-strength fastening components, corrosion-resistant high-stress structural members |
| Ti Gr.30 | UNS R53530 | Aerospace Structural frames, landing-gear secondary structural members, high-fatigue machine structural components, high-strength test materials |
| Ti Gr.31 | UNS R53532 | Aerospace High-load structural brackets, frame-connection components, high-stress forged structural members, durability machine components |
| Ti Gr.32 | UNS R55111 | Aerospace Lightweight structural components, airframe internal frames, high-strength lightweight structural members, machine-frame components |
| Ti Gr.33 | UNS R53442 | Aerospace Fatigue-resistant structural members, airframe reinforcements, high-stress structural components, durability test materials |
| Ti Gr.34 | UNS R53445 | Aerospace Structural frames, airframe brackets, high-strength structural components, mechanical load-bearing members |
| Ti Gr.35 | UNS R56340 | Aerospace High-strength structural frames, landing-gear secondary components, high-stress structural members, test components |
| Ti Gr.36 | UNS R58450 | Aerospace Beta-Ti structural components, high-load frames, high-strength machine structural members, durability components |
| Ti Gr.37 | UNS R52815 | Aerospace Fatigue-load structural components, brackets, high-strength structural members, test materials |
| Ti Gr.38 | UNS R54250 | Aerospace Landing-gear structural members, high-load frames, high-strength forgings, machine structural members |
| Ti Gr.39 | UNS R53390 | Aerospace Lightweight high-strength structural frames, internal structural members, high-stress structural components, test materials |
| Ti Gr.40 | — | Aerospace Structural frames, high-load brackets, high-strength machine structural members, test and development materials |
| Ti-6Al-7Nb | UNS R56700 ASTM F1295 | Medical Human implants (hip joint, knee joint), dental implants, orthopedic fixation devices, surgical precision structural components, in-body insertion devices |
| Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | UNS R56410 SAE AMS 4983, AMS 4984, AMS 4986, AMS 4987 | Aerospace Landing-gear structural components, high-load frames, forged structural members, high-strength bolts, load-bearing structural components |
| Ti 6-2-4-2 | UNS R54620 SAE AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976 | Aerospace Airframes, gas-turbine engines, afterburner cans, hot-air-blower components, engine components, disks, impellers, turbines, jet-engine compressors |
| Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti-17) | UNS R58650 SAE AMS 4995 | Aerospace Engine disks, shafts, compressor rotor structural components, high-stress rotating structural members, high-strength forgings |
| Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (6246) | UNS R56260 SAE AMS 4981 | Aerospace High-temperature turbine disks, engine rotating structural members, high-temperature creep-resistant structural components, long-duration high-temperature rotating bodies |
| Ti 6-2-2-2-2 | UNS R56222 | Aerospace Aircraft components Marine Hulls, offshore structures, seawater valves Medical Implants (orthopedic and dental) |
| Ti-8-1-1 | UNS R54810 SAE AMS 4915, AMS 4916, AMS 4933, AMS 4955, AMS 4973 | Aerospace Brackets, fittings, compressor cases, disks, aircraft engines, compressor blades Chemical Reactors, tanks, piping Medical Implants, surgical instruments |
| Ti-5.8Al-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7Nb-0.5Mo-0.35Si-0.06C (834) | — | Aerospace High-temperature compressor disks, engine rotor structural members, high-creep-resistance rotating bodies, high-temperature structural forgings |
| Ti-6Al-2.7Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si (1100) | — | Aerospace High-temperature turbine blades, disks, engine high-temperature structural components, thermal-fatigue-resistant rotating components, high-temperature load-bearing structural members |
| Ti-15Mo | UNS R58150 ASTM F2066 | Medical Implants, orthodontic appliances, artificial joints |
| Ti 15-3-3-3 | UNS R58153 SAE AMS 4914 | Aerospace Fasteners, tank components, tubes, landing gear, rotor blades Chemical Pressure vessels, pipes Sports Golf clubs, bicycle frames Automotive Suspension springs, exhaust components Medical Eyeglass frames |
| Ti-15Zr | — | Medical Implants |
3. Data Collection
3.1 Sources
SMP collects price data and market information from a worldwide network of market participants. Sources include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Producers and melters/smelters: Primary and secondary producers of nickel alloys, cobalt alloys, titanium alloys, stainless steel, and rare earths.
- Traders and distributors: Independent traders, stockholders, and service centers handling specialty metals.
- Recyclers and scrap processors: Companies involved in the collection, processing, and trading of specialty-metals scrap.
- End users and buyers: Aerospace, medical-device, energy, chemical-processing, and other downstream manufacturers.
- Industry associations and exchanges: Public exchange prices (e.g., LME nickel, LME cobalt) are used as reference benchmarks and are incorporated into the basis of SMP’s specialty-alloy price assessments.
3.2 Collection Methods
- Direct communication with market participants (telephone, email, messaging).
- Monitoring of published offer prices, bid outcomes, and contract negotiations.
- Review of exchange settlement prices and published surcharge tables.
- Cross-checking against public trade data, customs statistics, and industry reports.
- Attendance at industry events, conferences, and trade shows (e.g., BIR, ITA, ReMA).
3.3 Confidentiality
SMP treats all price submissions and market information received from individual sources as strictly confidential. No published report discloses individual company names, transaction details, or source identities. All data is aggregated and anonymized before publication.
↑ Contents4. Price Assessment Procedure
4.1 Assessment Basis
SMP’s price assessments aim to reflect the prevailing market value of each covered metal or alloy grade at the time of assessment. An assessed price represents the price at which a transaction could reasonably be expected to be concluded between a willing buyer and a willing seller under normal market conditions.
4.2 Price Types
| Price Type | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spot / Market Price | The price applicable to immediate or short-term delivery (generally within 30 days) based on current market conditions. |
| Indicative Offer Price | An offer price published or communicated by a producer, trader, or distributor, which does not necessarily represent a completed transaction. |
| Transaction Price | A price confirmed as a completed transaction between a buyer and a seller. |
| Reference / Derived Price | A price derived or calculated from raw-material costs, exchange prices, and alloy surcharges when direct transaction data is limited. |
4.3 Delivery and Pricing Basis
Unless otherwise stated in an individual price report, the following default pricing bases apply:
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ex-works | Price at the production site or warehouse, excluding freight and insurance. |
| CIF | Price including freight and insurance to the buyer’s designated port. |
| FOB | Price for delivery on board at the seller’s designated port. |
| Delivered | Price including freight to the buyer’s facility. |
| In-warehouse | Price for material available for immediate supply from stock at a distributor or service-center location. |
4.4 Currency and Units
- Unless otherwise stated, all prices are published in U.S. dollars (USD).
- The unit of measure may vary by metal group and is specified in each report; the standard unit is price per kilogram ($/kg).
- Prices collected in other currencies are converted using the prevailing interbank exchange rate at the time of assessment.
4.5 Reporting Period and Frequency
- Weekly reports: Published every week, covering the Monday-to-Friday assessment period shown in each report header (e.g., “April 13, 2026 – April 17, 2026”).
- Price-trend charts and moving averages can be viewed optionally within the system and are presented as 7-week, 30-week, and 90-week moving averages.
- Where a significant market event requires an immediate price reassessment, an additional interim report may be published.
5. Data Validation and Quality Control
5.1 Validation Steps
Every data point passes through the following validation procedure before being included in a published price assessment:
- Step 1 — Source Verification: Confirm that the source of the data is a genuine market participant directly engaged in the production, trading, processing, or consumption of the relevant metal or alloy.
- Step 2 — Data Consistency Check: Compare the submitted price against the previous week’s assessment, the 30-week moving average, and data collected concurrently from other sources. Data points deviating by more than 10% from the moving average are flagged for further investigation.
- Step 3 — Cross-Verification: Check the submitted price against relevant raw-material input costs (e.g., LME nickel, LME cobalt, ferrochrome, ferromolybdenum, titanium sponge) to confirm that the reported alloy price is consistent with the underlying cost structure.
- Step 4 — Outlier Handling: Data points that cannot be validated through Steps 2 and 3 are excluded from the assessment. The reason for exclusion is documented internally.
- Step 5 — Editorial Review: The final assessed price is reviewed by the editorial team before publication. This review confirms that the assessment range is internally consistent and supported by the available data.
5.2 Minimum Data Requirements
To publish a price assessment, SMP requires a minimum of two independent data points obtained from different market participants. Where this minimum requirement is not met for a given grade in a given week, SMP will take one of the following actions:
- Publish the previous week’s assessment with a note indicating that new data was insufficient; or
- Suspend the price assessment for that grade until sufficient data is available.
5.3 Low-Liquidity Market Conditions
Some specialty-alloy grades trade rarely or in small volumes. Under low-liquidity market conditions, SMP may supplement direct transaction data with the following:
- Indicative offer prices from producers and traders.
- Cost-based reference-price calculations using raw-material input prices.
- A wider assessment price range to reflect market uncertainty.
Where low-liquidity market conditions apply, this is stated in the relevant price report.
↑ Contents6. Price Report Structure
Each weekly price report follows a standardized structure to ensure consistency and usability.
| Section | Content |
|---|---|
| Header | Metal group, alloy grade, reporting period (Monday–Friday dates). |
| Introduction | Brief alloy description, principal applications, main alloying elements. |
| Price Assessment | Assessed price range (low–high), midpoint, unit ($/kg), delivery basis. |
| Price Trend Chart | Historical price chart including 7-week, 30-week, and 90-week moving averages. |
| Raw Material Impact | Analysis of key input-cost movements (e.g., Ni, Co, Cr, Mo, W, Ti sponge). |
| Market Direction | Directional signal: Bullish / Bearish / Stable / Volatile. |
| Market Commentary | Qualitative assessment of supply-demand trends, trade flows, inventory levels, and related news. |
| Buyer-Side Interpretation | Implications for procurement strategy and purchase timing. |
| Supplier-Side Interpretation | Implications for pricing strategy and production planning. |
| Related Reports | Links to related alloy grades and metal groups. |
7. Moving Averages and Trend Calculations
SMP publishes moving averages alongside the raw price-assessment data so that users can identify the underlying trend and filter out short-term volatility.
7.1 Calculation Method
- 7-week moving average: The simple arithmetic mean of the assessment midpoints from the 7 most recent weekly assessments.
- 30-week moving average: The simple arithmetic mean of the assessment midpoints from the 30 most recent weekly assessments.
- 90-week moving average: The simple arithmetic mean of the assessment midpoints from the 90 most recent weekly assessments.
These indicators are provided to Market Intelligence and Sourcing Pro subscribers; as an exception, they are made publicly available during Open Beta free-access periods.
7.2 Handling of Missing Data
Where a price assessment is not published in a given week (for reasons such as holidays or insufficient data), that week is carried at the previous week’s assessed price, and the moving average is shown unchanged.
↑ Contents8. Regional Coverage
SMP’s price assessments primarily reflect global market conditions for specialty metals that are traded internationally and that show limited price variation between regions. Where regional price differences exist, SMP states the applicable region in the relevant report header.
8.1 Principal Markets
- North America (including the United States, Canada, and Mexico).
- Europe (including the EU, the United Kingdom, and Türkiye).
- Asia (including China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia).
8.2 Regional Adjustments
Some grades may show significant regional price differences due to tariffs, logistics costs, or regional supply-demand imbalances. In such cases, SMP may publish a separate regional price assessment or note the regional context in the Market Commentary section.
↑ Contents9. Corrections and Revisions
9.1 Correction Policy
Where SMP identifies an error after a price assessment has been published, the following procedure applies:
Errors identified within 24 hours of publication: The original report is corrected directly. A correction notice describing the nature of the error and the corrected value is attached to the report.
Errors identified more than 24 hours after publication: A separate correction notice referencing the original report is published as a standalone update, and a link to that correction notice is added to the original report.
9.2 Revision Policy
Except to correct factual errors, SMP does not retroactively revise historical price assessments. A price assessment reflects market conditions at the time of assessment and is not adjusted in light of information obtained afterward.
↑ Contents10. Editorial Independence and Conflicts of Interest
SMP maintains strict editorial independence. The following policies apply:
- SMP and its officers and employees do not trade the metals covered by SMP price reports.
- Price assessments are not influenced by advertising revenue, subscription revenue, sponsorship agreements, or other commercial relationships.
- SMP does not accept payment from any market participant in exchange for favorable price treatment or assessment outcomes.
- Employees involved in price assessment must disclose potential conflicts of interest. Where a conflict is identified, the employee concerned is excluded from the relevant assessment.
- Complaints regarding price assessments are handled by the editorial team, independently of the commercial team. The complaint-handling procedure is described in Section 11.
11. Complaints and Feedback
SMP welcomes feedback from market participants regarding the accuracy, representativeness, and coverage of its price assessments.
11.1 How to Submit Feedback
- Email: [email protected]
- The subject line should include the relevant metal grade and reporting period (e.g., “Hastelloy G3 Price Report — Week of Apr 13–17, 2026”).
11.2 Response Procedure
- An initial acknowledgment of receipt is provided within two business days for all complaints and methodology inquiries.
- A substantive response, including any corrective action taken, is provided within ten business days.
- Where a complaint leads to a methodology change or a price correction, the relevant change is documented in the Methodology Change Log in Section 12 and/or in a correction notice.
11.3 Providing Price Information
Market participants wishing to contribute price data or market information to SMP’s price-assessment process may contact the editorial team at the email address above. All submissions are treated as confidential in accordance with the terms described in Section 3.3.
↑ Contents12. Methodology Change Log
Material changes to this methodology are documented below. Except where a change is urgently required or unavoidable in order to maintain the accuracy or integrity of price assessments, subscribers are notified at least 14 days before a material change takes effect.
| Version | Date | Description of Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | May 2026 | Initial publication of the price methodology document. |
13. Limitations and Disclaimer
13.1 Market Limitations
Specialty-metals markets differ fundamentally from commodity exchanges. Users should be aware of the following characteristics, which affect the accuracy of price assessments:
- Low liquidity: Many specialty-alloy grades trade rarely. A weekly assessment may reflect only a small number of data points and may not capture every transaction occurring during the reporting period.
- Wide price ranges: The assessed price range (low–high) for specialty alloys is often wider than that of exchange-traded commodities. This reflects legitimate sources of variation, including quantity, form (bar, sheet, plate, wire, powder), specification stringency, certification requirements, lead time, and price differences arising from trading relationships.
- Scrap quality variation: Scrap prices are particularly sensitive to quality, contamination level, form (turnings vs. solids), lot size, and location. SMP’s scrap price assessments state the assumed quality standard, and actual transaction prices may differ.
- Regional spreads: Prices can vary significantly between regions due to tariffs, freight, regional supply-demand trends, and exchange-rate effects. Where a single global assessment is published, it represents a view weighted toward the principal trading regions.
13.2 Disclaimer
SMP’s price assessments are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute investment advice, a trading recommendation, or a solicitation to buy or sell any commodity. While SMP exercises reasonable care in collecting, validating, and publishing price data, it does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of any assessed price. Users should exercise independent judgment before making procurement, trading, or investment decisions based on SMP data and should seek professional advice where necessary.
SMP’s price assessments are proprietary content protected by copyright. Reproduction, redistribution, or use of SMP price data in derivative products requires a separate license agreement. For full terms, refer to the Terms of Use at supermetalprice.com/terms-of-use.
↑ ContentsFor methodology inquiries, price data contributions, or feedback:
© 2026 SUPERMETALPRICE LIMITED. All rights reserved. · Public Document